A research team led by Professor Hongliang Zhang from Fudan University, in collaboration with the University of Manchester, has published a comprehensive review demonstrating how deep learning is fundamentally reshaping air pollution forecasting. The study, published in Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering on September 30, 2025, reveals that artificial intelligence offers an adaptive, data-driven pathway to decode atmospheric complexity that traditional physics-based models cannot match.
Air pollution continues to pose a severe global health threat, claiming millions of lives each year. Traditional chemical transport and climate-chemistry models face significant limitations, including massive computational requirements and outdated emission inventories that restrict rapid, high-resolution forecasts needed for early warning systems. The research highlights how deep learning overcomes these constraints by fusing satellite imagery, ground monitoring, and meteorological data into near real-time insights that can fill data gaps caused by cloud interference or sparse monitoring networks.
The review outlines how multi-sensor data assimilation through deep learning generates seamless, high-resolution pollution maps that were previously impossible. However, current models still struggle during extreme pollution events when accurate forecasts matter most. To address this critical limitation, researchers identified transfer learning, ensemble prediction, and synthetic event generation as promising methods to boost model resilience. The study emphasizes the importance of physics-informed neural networks, which embed chemical and physical laws into AI architectures to bridge scientific understanding with computational prediction.
Professor Zhang explained the vision behind this research: "By blending physics-based reasoning with the power of DL, we can open the black box of AI and make its decisions explainable. This integration allows policymakers and the public to understand why a pollution event may occur and how we can act to prevent it." The research advocates for probabilistic and Bayesian approaches to quantify uncertainty, enabling forecasts that not only predict what will happen but also indicate confidence levels.
The implications for environmental governance are substantial. Deep learning's ability to deliver real-time, data-driven forecasts can empower governments to issue faster warnings, plan emission reductions, and protect vulnerable populations. The fusion of AI with climate-chemistry models also enables seasonal and long-term predictions critical for anticipating climate change effects on air quality. This represents a fundamental shift from reactive pollution measures to proactive management strategies that could ultimately lead to cleaner skies, healthier cities, and a more sustainable planet. The complete research is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-025-2092-6.
